Practical Grammar summary #2

By Group 2
1. Diah Eka Pramesti
2. Kintan Sabila Dwi Andari
3. Rayhandi Syahputra
4. Shofi Arizatul Aini

Summary :

1. Simple Present Tense:

   - Expresses general facts, timeless truths, or habitual activities.

   - Formulation:

     - Positive: Subject + base verb (+ -s) (for he, she, it)

     - Negative: Subject + do/does + not + base verb

     - Question: Do/does + subject + base verb

   - Time Signals: Adverbs of frequency (always, often, sometimes, etc.), time expressions (every, after, in, on, etc.), numerical frequency (once, twice, three times, etc.).

   - Examples:

     - Positive: "She works out four days a week."

     - Negative: "She doesn’t watch TV on weeknights."

     - Question: "Do you always take the bus to school?"

2. Present Progressive Tense:

   - Indicates an ongoing activity at the moment of speaking, which can be a temporary action.

   - Formulation:

     - Positive: Subject + to be + -ING verb (am, are, is depending on the subject)

     - Negative: Subject + not + -ING verb

     - Question: To be + subject + -ING verb

   - Time Signals: now, right now, these days, nowadays, at the moment, currently.

   - Examples:

     - Positive: "They are taking a test right now."

     - Negative: "My cat isn’t feeling well at the moment."

     - Question: "What are you doing right now?"

3. Stative Verbs:

   - Stative verbs are the opposite of action verbs (dynamic verbs) like run, teach, walk.

   - They express a state of being or a condition, rather than an action.

   - Examples:

     - "I am understanding this lesson" can be simplified to "I understand this lesson."

     - "This bag belonging to me" can be simplified to "This bag belongs to me."

     - "I’ve believing in ghosts since I was a child" should be "I’ve believed in ghosts since I was a child."

4. Am/Is/Are Being + Adjective:

   - "Am," "is," and "are" are forms of the verb "to be" used for singular and plural subjects.

   - "Being" is the present participle form of the verb "to be" and is used in continuous or progressive tenses.

   - Adjectives describe or modify nouns, providing more information about them.

5. Regular and Irregular Verbs:

   - Regular verbs have predictable past tense forms as they can be transformed by adding the suffixes -d or -ed.

   - Irregular verbs, on the other hand, have inconsistent past tense and past participle forms.

   - Examples:

     - Regular Verbs: Study (Studied, Studied), Work (Worked, Worked), Arrive (Arrived, Arrived)

     - Irregular Verbs: Bring (Brought, Brought), Eat (Ate, Eaten), Go (Went, Gone)

6. Regular Verbs; Pronunciation of -ed Endings:

   - The pronunciation of -ed endings in regular verbs depends on the final sound of the base form:

     - Voiceless (p, k, t, tʃ, f, θ, s, ʃ, h): Walked, Wrapped, Slapped

     - Voiced (b, g, d, ʤ, v, ð, z, Ӡ, l, m, n, ŋ r, j, w): Played, Entered, Killed

     - -id Sound (t/d): Needed, Wanted

7. Irregular Verbs: Alphabetical List:

   - Irregular verbs are characterized by having inconsistent past tense and past participle forms.

8. Troublesome Verbs: Raise/Rise, Set/Sit, Lay/Lie:

   - Raise means to lift something up or move it higher, while rise means to get up or come up.

   - Set means to put or place something, while sit means to take a seat or be in a place.

   - Lay means to put or place something, while lie means resting, reclining, or being in a place.

9. Simple Past Tense:

   - Used to describe finished situations that occurred in the past.

   - Two formulas for positive, negative, and interrogative sentences:

   - Nominal Simple Past Tense:

     - (+) Subject + to be (was/were) + complement

     - (-) Subject + to be (was/were) + not + complement

     - (?) To be (was/were) + Subject + complement

   - Verbal Simple Past Tense:

     - (+) Subject + verb 2 + object

     - (-) Subject + did + not + verb 1

     - (?) Did + subject + verb 1

10. Past Progressive Tense:

   - Indicates ongoing action in the past.

   - Formed with the past tense of the helping verb "to be" (was/were) plus the present participle of the main verb (with an -ing ending).

   - Formulas:

     - (+) Subject + be (was/were) + verb (-ing) + complement.

     - (-) Subject + be (was/were) + not + verb (-ing) + complement.

     - (?) Be (was/were) + Subject + verb (-ing) + complement.

11. Using "Always" to Complain:

   - "Always" is used with progressive verbs to express habitual actions that bother us, often to complain or show annoyance about someone's behavior.

   - Structure: Subject + be (am, is, are, was, were) + "always" + verb-ing + (rest of the sentence).

12. Expressions of Place with Progressive Verbs:

   - Progressive verbs indicate ongoing action, also known as continuous verbs.

   - Expressions of place show where something is happening and can move in a sentence, even coming between progressive verbs.

   - Formula: Subject + [to be verb (am/is/are) + present participle (-ing form of the verb)] + [expression of place].