Practical Grammar summary #3

By Group 3 :
1. Ahmad Taufiq Hisyam
2. Mellysa Vinawang Farianza
3. Royyinatul Muadhimah
4. Yayuk Nawangsih

Summary :

1. Present Perfect Tense:

   - Used to indicate events or activities that occurred in the past and still have relevance to the present. It can also be used to indicate an event that has just been completed.

   - Formulation:

     - (+) Subject + Have/Has + Past Participle (V.3)

     - (-) Subject + Have/Has + not + Past Participle (V.3)

     - (?) Have/Has + Subject + Past Participle (V.3)

   - Time Signals: Just, Not yet, So far, Recently, Never, etc.

   - Examples:

     - (+) They have swum at the river recently.

     - (-) They have not swum at the river recently.

     - (?) Have they swum at the river recently?

2. Present Perfect Progressive Tense:

   - Used to describe actions that began in the past and are still ongoing in the present, or actions that have just finished but the speaker is interested in the results.

   - Formulation:

     - (+) Subject + Have/Has + been + Verb-ing (V.ing)

     - (-) Subject + Have/Has + not + been + Verb-ing (V.ing)

     - (?) Have/Has + Subject + been + Verb-ing (V.ing)

   - Time Signals: Since, For, Right now, At the present, etc.

   - Examples:

     - (+) She has been living here for six weeks.

     - (-) She has not been living here for six weeks.

     - (?) Has she been living here for six weeks?

3. Past Perfect Tense:

   - Used to indicate an event that was completed before other events occurred in the past.

   - Formulation:

     - (+) Subject + Had + Past Participle (V.3)

     - (-) Subject + Had + not + Past Participle (V.3)

     - (?) Had + Subject + Past Participle (V.3)

   - Time Signals: Before, Until, After, When, As soon as, etc.

   - Examples:

     - (+) You had slept when I came last night.

     - (-) You had not slept when I came last night.

     - (?) Had you slept when I came last night?

4. Past Perfect Progressive Tense:

   - Used to describe an action that began and continued while other events were happening in the past.

   - Formulation:

     - (+) Subject + Had + been + Verb-ing (V.ing)

     - (-) Subject + Had + not + been + Verb-ing (V.ing)

     - (?) Had + Subject + been + Verb-ing (V.ing)

   - Time Signals: When, Before, After, For, etc.

   - Examples:

     - (+) Rudi had been writing the lesson when I met him.

     - (-) Rudi had not been writing the lesson when I met him.

     - (?) Had Rudi been writing the lesson when I met him?

5. Simple Future Tense:

   - Used to express that an action will take place at a specific time in the future.

   - Formulation (Will):

     - (+) Subject + will + Verb (V.1)

     - (-) Subject + will + not + Verb (V.1)

     - (?) Will + Subject + Verb (V.1)

   - Formulation (Be going to):

     - (+) Subject + to be (is/am/are) + going to + Verb (V.1)

     - (-) Subject + to be + not + going to + Verb (V.1)

     - (?) To be + Subject + going to + Verb (V.1)

   - Time Signals: Tonight, Tomorrow, Two days later, Next month, etc.

   - Examples:

     - (+) I will join them for lunch today.

     - (-) I will not join them for lunch today.

     - (?) Will I join them for lunch today?

     - (+) My friends and I are going to go to Lombok Island next holiday.

     - (-) My friends and I are not going to go to Lombok Island next holiday.

     - (?) Are my friends and I going to go to Lombok Island next holiday?

6. Will vs Be going to:

   - Will:

     - Used for rapid decisions, expressing thoughts or beliefs about the future, making offers, promises, or threats.

     - Also used with "won't" when someone refuses to do something.

   - Be going to:

     - Used for plans that have already been decided or are intended for the future, based on definite signs or evidence of something happening, or when something is about to happen.